11 results
344 - Study protocol for a feasibility RCT of Club Connect, a healthy brain ageing cognitive training program for older adults with depression
- Claudia Woolf, Leanne Kaplan, Sharon L Naismith, David Burke, Louisa Margaret Norrie, Loren Mowszowski
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 32 / Issue S1 / October 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 November 2020, p. 104
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Background:
Current treatments for Major Depression are only moderately effective. In fact, 20-30% do not achieve full recovery despite multiple interventions. Interestingly, while it is well recognised that cognitive impairment is associated with Major Depression, available treatments do not address cognitive impairment. In this regard, cognitive training (CT) represents a promising intervention, however CT is not typically offered in public health settings.
Aim:To evaluate the feasibility of a blinded, randomised controlled trial of group-based CT in a hospital sample of older adults with clinically significant depressive symptoms or history of a major depressive episode within the last five years, and in doing so, to adapt and translate research findings to the clinical setting.
Methods:40 older adults, aged at least 65 years, with depression or a history of depression, and without dementia were randomly allocated to Club Connect, a 10-week group-based healthy brain ageing CT program, or a waitlist, treatment-as-usual control group. Baseline assessment including review by a psychogeriatrician and a brief neuropsychological assessment was completed within a fortnight of the intervention starting, and follow-up assessment was completed within a fortnight of the intervention ceasing. Primary outcomes included feasibility of trial design, tolerability of the intervention, and acceptability of random allocation and data collection procedures (as perceived by both participants and clinicians). We also examined the most sensitive clinical outcomes and measurement tools to inform larger scale trials.
Significance:The current health, social and economic costs of late-life depression, especially in those with concomitant cognitive impairment, renders the holistic treatment of depression in older adults a public health priority. CT represents an efficacious therapeutic intervention in this regard, however, there appears to be a paucity of CT programs being offered in public health settings. This trial represents the first step in addressing the ‘implementation gap’ that exists between care that is known to be effective and care that is delivered. We must recognise the need to evaluate not only health outcomes, but also to perform formative evaluations that assess the extent to which implementation is effective in order to optimise intervention benefits, to prolong sustainability, and to promote dissemination of findings.
3416 Building Resilience & Wisdom in Clinical and Translational Researchers: A Mixed-Method Study of a Pilot Curricular Intervention
- Sandra Burks, Karen Johnston, Nicole Chiotta-McCollum, Natalie May, John Schorling, Margaret Plews-Ogan
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 3 / Issue s1 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2019, p. 63
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The clinical and translational research workforce is in jeopardy due to investigator attrition and competing demands upon researchers. Resilience and wisdom are measurable traits that can be acquired. The aim of this study was to examine a pilot curricular intervention promoting resilience and wisdom formation in early-career translational researchers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a prospective, mixed-methods evaluation of a curricular intervention promoting the development of wisdom and resilience among junior faculty in a career development program. Six 90 minute sessions were delivered between September 2017 and January 2018. Pre- and post- resilience and wisdom were measured using the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale and 3D-Wisdom Scale. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted before and after the intervention RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Five scholars participated. Median resilience and wisdom scores revealed moderate levels of each trait; pre- and post-scores were not significantly different. Four themes emerged from the analysis of interview transcripts: 1. “Success” broadly defined; 2. Adversity threatens success; 3. Community breeds resilience; and 4. Wisdom formation parallels growth towards independence. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: An intervention aimed at developing capacities of resilience and wisdom is feasibly delivered to early career researchers. The relationship between these capacities and the sustainability of a research career warrants additional study.
2348: Collaborative translational workforce development: Standardizing clinical research nursing education in good clinical practice
- Patricia Eckardt, Christine Kovner, Marilyn Hammer, Margaret Barton-Burke, Margaret McCabe, Elizabeth Cohn, Marie Marino, Liza Behrens
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 1 / Issue S1 / September 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2018, p. 48
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The proposed pilot study seek to enhance the network of CTSAs at Rockefeller University, NYU, ISMMS, and other community members to support translational workforce development of clinical research nurses and establish a standardized nurse-specific training curriculum in GCP for use within the CTSA network, in other research centers, and in nursing school curricula. This will be coupled with a rigorous evaluation study to test the impact of the training and a comprehensive dissemination plan to make the training available to all nurses and nursing students via modern e-learning method. Aim 1. To create an integrated network of local CTSAs and community partners to develop, validate, and refine a pilot e-learning GCP educational and training program and content and outcomes dissemination plan. It is vital to integrate the efforts of CTSA leaders, community partners, and nursing educators to develop a pilot e-learning nurse workforce training curriculum and the associated evaluation measures and assessment plan. Delphi methods will be employed, coupled with rigorous assessment of face validity, content validity, and item reliability. The resulting educational training program will then be used for an e-learning educational intervention study in CTSAs, other sites, and nursing schools. Aim 2. To test the effect of the pilot GCP education and evaluation program for practicing clinical research nurses (CRNs) within the collaborating CTSAs and community partners, we will perform a randomized controlled trial using a Solomon 4 group design. For the student nurse population, we will develop a randomized control trial using a Solomon 4 group design blocked on course section. As this is a pilot study, descriptive statistics and confidence intervals around parameter estimates will be constructed. In addition, inferential statistics will be calculated on primary outcome of interest (change scores in knowledge of GCP) and measures of heterogeneity of data, patterns of missing data, and reliability of evaluative tools will be analyzed. Aim 3. To implement a dissemination plan to reach both nurses practicing the CRN specialty within CTSAs and other community settings. We will disseminate the program to other CTSAs through the CTSA network communication resources. To broaden the reach to a population of nurses and student nurses with limited prior education or training in nurse-specific GCP competencies, but who provide care to research participants in nontraditional research settings, we will craft a novel set of dissemination methods, including the CITI Program electronic platform that can be accessed by nurses and nursing students across settings. In addition, dissemination will be at nursing education meetings and in nursing journals.METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: There are several components to this pilot program. The component that includes a research strategy is the testing of the effectiveness of the training and educational interventions on GCP knowledge and efficacy. Study cohort: Recruitment of study subjects will be in coordination with 3 CTSA collaborators and community partners for 2 samples: (1) nurses who provide care to clinical research participants across a variety of settings (health care systems, research hospitals, and care provider networks) and who are already trained according to current standard in GCP, (2) nursing students from the collaborative network of the 3 CTSAs, NYU School of Nursing has agreed to pilot test the introductory student module. The methodological approach will be a random assignment control trial Solomon 4 group design for practicing CRNs within the collaborating CTSAs and community partners. For student nurse population, the methodological approach will be a randomized-control trial Solomon 4 group design blocked on course section. Survey measures of CRN GCP knowledge and efficacy will be obtained pre and post educational intervention. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Aim 1. Expected outcomes are pilot e-learning nurse workforce training modules curriculum, and evaluation measures and plan appropriate for CTSAs, community sites, and nursing schools. Specifically, 14 modules (averaging 30 minutes each) for practicing CRNs, and one 45 minute module for nursing students. The significance of these findings will provide a framework for the e-learning educational intervention study. CITI Program is enthusiastic about the module development and refinement and will provide direction for consistency in formatting with current CITI Program modules, set-up of learner groups for comparison, and evaluative measures such as completion data and scoring. Aim 2. Expected outcomes are an effective pilot educational intervention for practicing nurses and students and valid and reliable evaluation tools and plan that can be generalized to the larger CRN and nursing community. Aim 3. Expected outcomes are an enhanced CTSA dissemination plan that includes non-CTSA resources and reaches non-CTSA employed nurses and nursing students. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The expected outcomes of this pilot study are: (1) an enduring GCP education that can be continually updated and training structure for CRNs, and nurses and nursing students throughout the United States; (2) a reproducible effective standardized basic nurse-specific GCP curriculum for dissemination; (3) assessment tools to evaluate programmatic success, nurse and nursing student knowledge and efficacy on nurse-specific GCP; (4) and a CTSA dissemination plan that to reach non-CTSA nurses and nursing students. Our ultimate goal is the development of a translational workforce educated and competent in GCP at CTSA sites, at non-CTSA sites, and in nursing schools so as to improve the quality of clinical research.
All nurses need to be research nurses
- Patricia Eckardt, Marilyn J. Hammer, Margaret Barton-Burke, Margaret McCabe, Christine T. Kovner, Liza Behrens, Heather Reens, Barry S. Coller
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 1 / Issue 5 / October 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 November 2017, pp. 269-270
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Introduction
Nurses are critical to the research enterprise. However all nurses are not prepared to participate as members of the research team since education and training in clinical research nursing and nurse-specific Good Clinical Practice are not consistently included in nursing curricula. The lack of nurse education and training in clinical research and Good Clinical Practice leaves research participants vulnerable with a nursing workforce that is not prepared to balance fidelity to protocol and patient quality care and safety.
MethodsA collaborative network of nurses within Clinical and Translational Science Awards and beyond was established to address this education and training need. Over a 2-year period, using expert opinion, Delphi methods, and measures of validity and reliability the team constructed curriculum and knowledge test items.
ResultsA pilot modular electronic curriculum, including knowledge pretest and post-tests, in clinical research nursing and nurse-specific Good Clinical Practice competencies was developed.
ConclusionsAs the scope and setting of clinical research changes, it is likely that all practicing nurses, regardless of their practice setting or specialty, will care for patients on research protocol, making all nurses, in essence, clinical research nurses. The curriculum developed by this protocol will address that workforce education and training need.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Contributors
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- By Shyamkrishna Balganesh, Dan L. Burk, Eric R. Claeys, Thomas F. Cotter, Hanoch Dagan, Richard A. Epstein, Jeanne C. Fromer, Wendy J. Gordon, Paul J. Heald, Steven Hetcher, David Lametti, Mark A. Lemley, Margaret H. Lemos, Mark P. McKenna, Peter S. Menell, Gideon Parchomovsky, Lee Petherbridge, Michael Risch, Jennifer E. Rothman, Emily Sherwin, Henry E. Smith, Madhavi Sunder, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling, R. Polk Wagner, Christopher S. Yoo
- Edited by Shyamkrishna Balganesh, University of Pennsylvania Law School
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- Intellectual Property and the Common Law
- Published online:
- 05 September 2013
- Print publication:
- 02 September 2013, pp ix-x
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Heritability of Head Size in Dutch and Australian Twin Families at Ages 0–50 Years
- Dirk J. A. Smit, Michelle Luciano, Meike Bartels, Catharine E. M. van Beijsterveldt, Margaret J. Wright, Narelle K. Hansell, Han G. Brunner, G. Frederiek Estourgie-van Burk, Eco J. C. de Geus, Nicholas G. Martin, Dorret I. Boomsma
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- Journal:
- Twin Research and Human Genetics / Volume 13 / Issue 4 / 01 August 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2012, pp. 370-380
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We assessed the heritability of head circumference, an approximation of brain size, in twin-sib families of different ages. Data from the youngest participants were collected a few weeks after birth and from the oldest participants around age 50 years. In nearly all age groups the largest part of the variation in head circumference was explained by genetic differences. Heritability estimates were 90% in young infants (4 to 5 months), 85–88% in early childhood, 83–87% in adolescence, 75% in young and mid adulthood. In infants younger than 3 months, heritability was very low or absent. Quantitative sex differences in heritability were observed in 15- and 18-year-olds, but there was no evidence for qualitative sex differences, that is, the same genes were expressed in both males and females. Longitudinal analysis of the data between 5, 7, and 18 years of age showed high genetic stability (.78 > RG > .98). These results indicate that head circumference is a highly heritable biometric trait and a valid target for future GWA studies.
Contributors
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- By Osvaldo P. Almeida, Rebecca Anglin, Vivek Benegal, Margaret N. Berry, Nash N. Boutros, Henry Brodaty, Alan S. Brown, Monte S. Buchsbaum, William Burke, Kim Burns, Stanley V. Catts, Vibeke S. Catts, Jennifer M. Connolly, David L. Copolov, Louisa Degenhardt, Stewart L. Einfeld, Anthony Feinstein, Matt P. Galloway, Bangalore N. Gangadhar, Wayne Hall, Malcolm Hopwood, Michael D. Jibson, Ripu D. Jindal, David J. Kavanagh, Sophie Kavanagh, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Ennapadam S. Krishnamoorthy, Rajeev Kumar, Alexander F. Kurz, Nicola T. Lautenschlager, Edward C. Lauterbach, Leslie Lester-Burns, Lyn-May Lim, Jeffrey C. L. Looi, Michael Mazurek, Serge A. Mitelman, Ramon Mocellin, Bryan Mowry, Kim T. Mueser, Anand K. Pandurangi, Eric M. Pihlgren, Seethalakshmi Ramanathan, Patricia I. Rosebush, Perminder S. Sachdev, Richard D. Sanders, Vandana Shashi, Arabella Smith, Sergio E. Starkstein, Ezra S. Susser, Rajiv Tandon, Jagadisha Thirthalli, Bruce J. Tonge, Julian Trollor, Dennis Velakoulis, Mark Walterfang, Jane Zhang
- Edited by Perminder S. Sachdev, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Matcheri S. Keshavan
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- Secondary Schizophrenia
- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
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- 04 February 2010, pp vii-xii
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Excavations at Le Mura di Santo Stefano, Anguillara Sabazia
- Robert Van de Noort, David Whitehouse, Marshall Joseph Becker, Thomas Blagg, Douglas Burnett, Ida Caruso, Amanda Claridge, Gill Clark, Loredana Costantini, Lorenzo Costantini, Belinda Hall Burke, Margaret Lyttelton, Gilberto Napolitano, Helen Patterson, Phil Perkins, Alessia Rovelli, Sheila Sutherland
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- Papers of the British School at Rome / Volume 77 / November 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 June 2011, pp. 159-223
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- November 2009
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Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review
- Stanley Zammit, Theresa H. M. Moore, Anne Lingford-Hughes, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Peter B. Jones, Margaret Burke, Glyn Lewis
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- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 193 / Issue 5 / November 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 357-363
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- November 2008
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Background
It is unclear if research findings support clinical opinion that cannabis use leads to worse outcomes in people with psychosis, or whether this impression is confounded by other factors.
AimsTo systematically review the evidence pertaining to whether cannabis affects outcome of psychotic disorders.
MethodWe searched 10 relevant databases (to November 2006), reference lists of included studies and contacted experts. We included 13 longitudinal studies from 15 303 references. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently and in duplicate.
ResultsCannabis use was consistently associated with increased relapse and non-adherence. Associations with other outcome measures were more disparate. Few studies adjusted for baseline illness severity, and most made no adjustment for alcohol, or other potentially important confounders. Adjusting for even a few confounders often resulted in substantial attenuation of results.
ConclusionsConfidence that most associations reported were specifically due to cannabis is low. Despite clinical opinion, it remains important to establish whether cannabis is harmful, what outcomes are particularly susceptible, and how such effects are mediated. Studies to examine this further are eminently feasible.
23 - Transplant pathology
- Edited by Nicholas R. Banner, Julia M. Polak, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Magdi H. Yacoub, University of London
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- Lung Transplantation
- Published online:
- 06 January 2010
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- 15 May 2003, pp 294-325
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Summary
Introduction
The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has reported survival rates of 64% and18% at 1 and 14 years, respectively, for heart–lung transplantation and of 70%, 45% and 20% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively, for lung transplantation [1]. Despite the increasing range and sophistication of immunosuppressive and antimicrobial drugs, the main causes of morbidity and mortality occurring after the immediate postoperative period remain acute rejection, infection and, in late survivors, obliterative bronchiolitis. In order to improve the results of lung transplantation, early diagnosis and treatment of post operative complications are essential. The his to pathologist has a role to play in this process in terms of biopsy diagnosis of, and research into, the pulmonary and systemic complications (Table 23.1) and in contributing to clinical audit through postmortem examination [2]. In addition, review of lung biopsies taken prior to transplantation may confirm the referral diagnosis, which, in turn, is audited by histological examination of the explanted lung. In a small number of cases this may reveal a different, or an additional diagnosis, sometimes in the context of systemic disease, with implications for post-transplantation management [3] (see Chapter 10).
Technical aspects of lung allograft pathology
The his to pathologist must ensure that the clinical requirement for a rapid biopsy reporting service, including an on-call service, can be met. In addition to standard technology, he/she should have access to a variety of specialist techniques including immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular techniques such as in situ hybridization (ISH) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Review of biopsies at regular joint clinical pathology meetings is important in patient management.